Citrullination and carbamylation are two post-translational modifications that result in the generation of citrulline and homocitrulline, two highly related, non-standard amino acids. While citrullination of arginine is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), homocitrulline results from the non-enzymic rEAction of cyanate with lysine. Carbamylation occurs at low levels in hEAlthy individuals, but at higher levels in several clinical conditions such as atherosclerosis, kidney disEAse, and inflammation.1,2,3 Carbamylation can lEAd to changes in protein function, cellular function, and generation of an immune response to homocitrulline containing proteins.1,2,3 This product contains carbamylated fetal calf serum. Technical Information Synonyms Ca-FCS Carbamylated FCS Source Fetal calf serum modified with potassium cyanate Formulation A lyophilized powder